verification

Verification is the process of establishing the truth, accuracy, or validity of something by gathering evidence and applying established criteria. It answers the question "does this conform to the specified requirements or standards?" and is distinct from validation, which asks whether the product or outcome is useful or fit for purpose. Verification is used across many domains, including software, data, science, engineering, and identity management.

In software and systems engineering, verification involves activities that ensure the product complies with its specifications. Common approaches include workshops and peer reviews, static analysis and formal methods, model checking, and various forms of testing such as unit, integration, and system testing. Verification also relies on traceability to requirements, configuration control, and documentation reviews.

Data and information verification focuses on accuracy, consistency, and integrity. Techniques include checksums and cryptographic hashes, versioning, data reconciliation, and provenance tracking to detect errors or tampering during transmission, storage, or processing.

Scientific verification encompasses replication, independent experiments, and adherence to measurement standards to confirm results. Peer review, calibration, and uncertainty analysis contribute to the credibility and reliability of findings.

In identity management and compliance contexts, verification refers to confirming a claimed attribute or credential, such as age, eligibility, or authorization, often using documents, biometrics, or trusted databases. Process verification, audits, and standards conformance checks provide assurance that operations meet specified procedures and quality requirements.

Together, verification complements validation by focusing on conformity to fixed criteria, while validation assesses suitability for use.