chameleons

Chameleons are a family of lizards, Chamaeleonidae, renowned for their distinctive adaptions to arboreal life. They are mainly found in Africa and Madagascar, with additional species in parts of southern Europe, the Middle East, and Asia. They are typically small to medium-sized and are celebrated for color change, independent eye movement, and long proyectile tongues used to capture prey.

Anatomy and coloration: Chameleons have a laterally compressed body, and most possess zygodactylous feet (two toes forward and two backward on each foot) and a prehensile tail for grasping branches. Head regions may bear a casque or horns in some species. Their skin contains pigment cells that produce color changes and reflective cells that contribute to iridescence, enabling a range of colors for signaling, thermoregulation, and camouflage. Their eyes are mounted on swiveling sockets and can move independently, providing wide field of vision; they combine both eyes when striking at prey.

Behavior and ecology: Chameleons are predominantly insectivores and ambush predators. They project their tongues rapidly to capture prey at a distance, and tongue length can exceed their body length in some species. They are generally territorial, especially males, and use color changes, posture, and vocalizations to communicate. Their movements are often deliberate and slow, aiding camouflage, but they can be swift when hunting.

Reproduction and conservation: Most chameleons lay eggs, though a smaller number give birth to live young; clutch sizes vary by species. Habitat loss, climate change, and collection for the pet trade threaten many species. Several are listed under CITES, with regional protections varying by country.