Chamaeleonidae

Chamaeleonidae is a family of lizards in the order Squamata. Members are primarily arboreal and are renowned for their independently mobile eyes, highly specialized long tongues, zygodactylous feet, and prehensile tails. They are insectivorous predators that ambush prey with a ballistic tongue projection. The skin contains chromatophores that enable rapid color changes, which are used for communication, temperature regulation, and camouflage. Behavior and coloration vary among species.

The family is native to Africa and Madagascar, with a few species extending into the Arabian Peninsula. It comprises several genera, including Bradypodion, Calumma, Furcifer, Trioceros, and Chamaeleo. There are more than 200 described species, making Chamaeleonidae one of the most diverse groups of lizards in the world.

Anatomically, chameleons have laterally compressed bodies, stout limbs equipped with grasping feet, and a long, prehensile tail often used as a fifth limb. The head often bears a casque or helmet in many species. The eyes are set on movable orbits and can rotate independently, enabling a wide field of view. The tongue can be projected rapidly to capture insects at a distance.

Ecology and reproduction show variation: most species are terrestrial or arboreal insectivores; reproduction is generally oviparous, but some species give birth to live young. Female chameleons lay eggs in leaf litter or soil, and incubation periods vary by species and climate. Males may display color changes and ritualized behaviors during courtship and territorial interactions.

Conservation concerns for chameleons are linked to habitat destruction, fragmentation, and collection for the pet trade. Several Madagascar and African species are threatened or have declining populations, while others remain common. Research and conservation efforts focus on habitat protection and sustainable trade.