males

Males are the biological sex of organisms that typically produce male gametes, such as sperm in animals. In humans and many species, males are commonly associated with a Y chromosome and with gonads that produce sperm, but variation exists across species and among individuals.

In humans, the presence of a Y chromosome with the SRY gene typically initiates testes development, which then produce testosterone during fetal development and puberty. Testosterone drives the growth of male secondary sexual characteristics, such as deeper voice, facial and body hair, and increased muscle mass. Not all individuals with XY chromosomes develop as phenotypic males; intersex conditions can alter development and appearance.

The primary reproductive organs of males are the testes, which produce sperm and testosterone. The male reproductive tract includes the epididymis, vas deferens, seminal vesicles, and prostate, as well as external genitalia such as the penis and scrotum. The reproductive system supports storage, maturation, and ejaculation of sperm.

Puberty marks the onset of sexual maturation, with spermatogenesis beginning and continuing through much of adulthood. Fertility depends on functional testes and ducts, and sperm production typically begins in adolescence and persists with gradual changes in aging.

Biological males face specific health considerations, including risks for testicular cancer, prostate-related conditions, and certain cardiovascular or metabolic patterns. Sex ratios at birth are typically slightly male-skewed, commonly cited as about 105 male births for every 100 female births. It is important to distinguish sex from gender: male refers to a biological category, while gender encompasses social and identity aspects that may or may not align with biological sex.