cellulite

Cellulite is the term for the dimpled or lumpy appearance of skin, most commonly on the thighs, buttocks, and hips. It is not a medical disease but a cosmetic pattern that can be seen when subcutaneous fat pushes against fibrous connective tissue bands (septa) beneath the skin. The dimpling tends to be more noticeable in women than in men due to differences in fat distribution and collagen structure.

Anatomy and causes: The skin’s surface texture is influenced by fat lobules, connective tissue septae, and the dermis. If fat enlarges, septae tighten or thicken, or the dermal structure changes with age, dimpling becomes more apparent. Hormonal factors, genetics, age, and body composition contribute to susceptibility. Risk factors include female sex, family history, weight gain, hormonal changes, and a sedentary lifestyle.

Diagnosis: Diagnosis is clinical, based on visual inspection in typical areas such as the thighs and buttocks. It is often described as mild, moderate, or severe depending on the extent of visible dimpling.

Treatment and prognosis: There is no universally effective cure. Management focuses on reducing appearance rather than eliminating cellulite. Lifestyle measures such as weight maintenance and regular exercise can help. Topical creams containing retinoids or caffeine may provide modest, temporary improvements. Medical and cosmetic procedures with evidence of benefit include subcision techniques that release fibrous bands and energy-based therapies (laser, radiofrequency, or acoustic wave devices) that target fat and dermal structure. Other methods, such as massage-based therapies, may offer temporary cosmetic benefits. Liposuction is generally not recommended for cellulite, as it does not reliably address the dimpling pattern. Outcomes vary, and ongoing maintenance therapy is often required for sustained results.