typical

Typical is an adjective that denotes what is usual, normal, or characteristic for a person, thing, or group. It describes patterns or features that are expected under ordinary circumstances and can be used to mark something as representative of a class. The term also carries a comparative sense, contrasting what is common with what is unusual or exceptional.

In everyday language, phrases such as typical day or typical behavior signal mainstream or expected conditions. When something is atypical, it deviates from the norm. The sense can be subjective and culturally influenced, depending on the observer’s experiences and the context.

In information theory and statistics, typical has a more technical usage. A typical set or typical sequence refers to outcomes that are representative of the underlying distribution, comprising most of the probability mass in large samples. A typical value is a quantity that reflects what is commonly observed in practice, though it is not a formal parameter in all contexts.

In philosophy and cognitive science, typicality concerns how well an item represents a category. The typicality effect describes faster judgments and easier categorization for typical members than for atypical ones, and it informs theories of concepts and semantic memory.

Etymology and related terms: typical derives from Latin typicus and Greek typos, via Old French typique, meaning model or form. Related ideas include normal, average, prototypical, and stereotype, though each term has distinct nuances.