buttocks

The buttocks are the two rounded prominences on the posterior aspect of the pelvis. They consist of skin, subcutaneous fat, and three gluteal muscles that form the buttock contours: gluteus maximus, gluteus medius, and gluteus minimus. The gluteal muscles lie beneath the fat and skin and together they support movement and posture.

The gluteus maximus primarily extends and laterally rotates the hip, contributing to rising from a seated position, climbing, and sprinting. The gluteus medius and gluteus minimus abduct and medially rotate the thigh and help stabilize the pelvis during walking or running. The buttock region also contains nerves and vessels, including the superior and inferior gluteal arteries and nerves, which supply and innervate the gluteal muscles.

Variability in size, shape, and fat distribution is common and influenced by genetics, age, sex, and activity. The region can be affected by cellulite, changes in fat distribution with aging, and muscular strains. Medical conditions related to the buttocks include piriformis syndrome, which can irritate the sciatic nerve and cause gluteal or leg pain. Injections and certain procedures are typically performed in the upper outer quadrant of the buttock to avoid the sciatic nerve.

Cosmetic and reconstructive options, such as augmentation or lifts, are available to alter contour. Strengthening exercises, including squats and bridging, can improve gluteal strength and function.