sprinting

Sprinting refers to running short distances at maximal or near-maximal effort. In track and field, common sprint events include the 100 meters, 200 meters, and 400 meters, along with the 4x100 and 4x400 meter relays. Sprinting emphasizes acceleration, maximal velocity, and power, rather than endurance.

Technique and mechanics: Most sprinters start from starting blocks, aiming for a quick reaction and a powerful drive out of the blocks. The race then progresses through an acceleration phase into a maximal-velocity phase, followed by a potential maintenance of top speed. Key technical elements include a forward-leaning but aligned trunk, rapid but relaxed arm action, compact foot strikes under the center of mass, and minimized ground contact time. Stride length and stride frequency are coordinated to optimize velocity, and fatigue tends to disrupt timing and efficiency.

Physiology: Sprinting relies heavily on fast-twitch muscle fibers, neuromuscular efficiency, and anaerobic energy systems. Training targets include improving starting mechanics, acceleration, maximal velocity, speed endurance, and power through strength and plyometric work.

Training and conditioning: Programs typically combine block starts, sprint drills, resisted sprints, plyometrics, Olympic weightlifting, and heavy resistance training to enhance force production. Periodization, proper warm-up, and adequate recovery are essential to reduce the risk of injuries, particularly hamstring strains.

Equipment and measurement: Races are run on standard track surfaces with starting blocks and track spikes. Timings are recorded with electronic systems, and wind assistance is measured; records are valid only with wind at or below 2.0 meters per second.

Records and notable figures: World records include Usain Bolt's 100 meters in 9.58 seconds and 200 meters in 19.19 seconds, both set in 2009, and Wayde van Niekerk's 400 meters in 43.03 seconds (2016).