Cosmetic

Cosmetic is an adjective meaning relating to beauty or appearance, and a noun referring to a product intended to be applied to the body for cleansing, beautifying, promoting attractiveness, or altering appearance. By convention, cosmetics include makeup, skincare, hair care, fragrances, and deodorants. In some jurisdictions, the definition extends to colorants and other substances used to cleanse, perfume, or protect the skin or hair. Cosmetics are distinguished from medicines and medical devices by intent and regulation, though some products may straddle categories.

Historically, cosmetics have been used in ancient Egypt, Greece, and Rome, with later developments in Europe and Asia. The modern cosmetics industry emerged in the 19th and 20th centuries with mass production, branding, and formal safety testing.

Regulation varies by jurisdiction. In the United States, cosmetics are regulated by the FDA; products and ingredients are not pre-approved before marketing, but safety and labeling requirements apply, and the agency can take action against adulterated or misbranded cosmetics. In the European Union, cosmetics must pass safety assessments and bear an approved list of ingredients; the package label must include ingredients, manufacturer, and warnings. Other regions have their own standards. Safety focuses on potential irritants, allergens, sunlight sensitivity, and toxic substances, with ongoing research on exposure and cumulative effects.

Common categories include color cosmetics (lipstick, foundation), skincare products (moisturizers, serums), hair care, personal hygiene products, and fragrances. The term cosmetic is sometimes used in the broader sense to describe items intended to enhance appearance; the related field of cosmetic surgery uses surgery to alter physical appearance rather than apply topical products.