serums

Serums are a class of skincare products formulated to deliver high concentrations of active ingredients to the skin. They are typically lighter than moisturizers and often water- or silicone-based, designed for targeted benefits such as hydration, brightness, or anti-aging. Serums are applied after cleansing and before moisturizers.

Most serums include a high concentration of a single or a few active ingredients. Common categories include antioxidants such as vitamin C and vitamin E; humectants like hyaluronic acid; retinoids (retinol and related compounds) for cell turnover; exfoliating acids such as alpha hydroxy acids (glycolic) and beta hydroxy acids; peptides; niacinamide; and ceramides. Formulations vary in pH and carrier systems to optimize stability and penetration.

Mechanism and use: serums are designed to deliver ingredients more deeply than creams. They are typically applied in a thin layer and absorbed quickly. They can be layered with other products, usually from lighter to heavier textures; water-based serums go on before oil-based or thicker emulsions. Users should follow product instructions and consider skin type and sensitivity.

Effectiveness and limitations: serums can address specific concerns such as uneven tone, fine lines, or dehydration, but results depend on product quality, ingredient stability, and consistent use. Some actives require gradual introduction and caution for sensitive skin, especially retinoids or acids. Sunscreen should be used during daytime when using actives.

Safety and storage: patch testing is advised for new serums. Store vitamin C serums in opaque containers away from light; refrigerate if advised. Do not mix incompatible actives without guidance; consult a dermatologist for ongoing conditions or prescriptions.