Cosmetics

Cosmetics are products intended to be applied to the human body for cleansing, beautifying, or altering appearance. They are usually cosmetic products intended for external use and do not claim to treat or diagnose disease; if a product makes therapeutic claims, it is regulated as a drug or medicinal product in many jurisdictions. Cosmetics may include color cosmetics such as makeup, skincare products, hair care, fragrances, and deodorants, as well as personal care items like cleansers and moisturizers.

Formulations typically combine a base (water- or oil-rich), active ingredients, fragrance, colorants, and preservatives. Color cosmetics include foundation, lipstick, and eyeshadow; skincare includes moisturizers, serums, and sunscreens; hair cosmetics include shampoos and conditioners. Ingredients are chosen for compatibility and safety; common concerns include skin irritation, allergies, or sensitization.

Regulation and safety: cosmetic products are regulated to varying degrees by national authorities; labeling generally requires ingredient lists and warnings. Manufacturers must test for safety and comply with good manufacturing practices. In some regions animal testing is restricted or banned for cosmetics.

History: cosmetic use dates to ancient civilizations, with extensive use in ancient Egypt, Greece, and Rome. The modern cosmetics industry expanded in the 20th century with mass production, advertising, and new chemical ingredients, followed by shifts toward safety, authenticity, and sustainability.

Market and trends: cosmetics are a global industry with diverse products, sold through stores and online. Current issues include sustainability, ethical sourcing, and transparency in labeling and marketing.