cleansers

Cleaners are substances designed to remove unwanted materials from surfaces or objects. The term encompasses products used for personal care, such as skincare cleansers, as well as household or industrial cleansers used on floors, appliances, and other surfaces. In cosmetics, cleansers aim to remove dirt, oil, makeup, and pollutants while preserving the skin's barrier and microbiome. They are formulated with surfactants—molecules that lower surface tension and help lift residues—often paired with emulsifiers, humectants, and preservatives. Surfactants vary in mildness and cleansing power; common mild options include cocamidopropyl betaine and decyl glucoside, while harsher detergents such as sodium lauryl sulfate may be irritating for some users. pH is important; most skin cleansers target a slightly acidic range (roughly pH 4.5 to 6.5) to support barrier function.

Cleansers come in multiple formats: cleansing oils or balms that dissolve makeup and oils; gels and foaming cleansers that produce lather; creams and milks for dry or sensitive skin; and micellar waters that combine cleansing and rinsing steps. Selection depends on skin type, sensitivity, and user preference. Users are advised to avoid over-cleansing and to rinse thoroughly with lukewarm water, then follow with moisturizer.

Household and industrial cleansers include detergents, solvents, abrasives, and enzymatic cleaners. They may contain surfactants, acids or bases, bleach, disinfectants, and fragrances. Safety guidelines emphasize reading labels, using appropriate concentrations, protecting skin and eyes, and ensuring compatibility with surfaces. Environmental considerations include biodegradability and aquatic toxicity.