moisturizer

A moisturizer is a topical product designed to hydrate the skin and reduce water loss. It is commonly available as creams, lotions, gels, and ointments, with varying thickness and oil content to suit different skin types and climates.

Moisturizers work by delivering water to the stratum corneum and by reducing transepidermal water loss. They typically combine humectants, emollients, and occlusives. Humectants draw water into the skin; emollients fill gaps between skin cells; occlusives form a barrier on the skin surface to limit evaporation.

Common ingredients include glycerin and hyaluronic acid (humectants); ceramides, fatty acids, cholesterol, squalane (emollients); petrolatum, mineral oil, dimethicone (occlusives). Some also contain antioxidants, sunscreens, or anti-inflammatory agents. Fragrance-free formulas are preferred for sensitive or reactive skin.

Selection and use: choose based on skin type—dry skin often benefits from richer creams, oily skin from lighter lotions or gels. Apply to clean skin, preferably on slightly damp skin to trap moisture. Use once daily or as needed; fragrance-free products for sensitive individuals; use non-comedogenic formulas for oily or acne-prone skin.

Safety and storage: patch testing recommended for new products. Avoid products with irritants if you have sensitive skin. Store in a cool, dry place and use before the expiration date.