antiinflammatory

Anti-inflammatory refers to methods or substances that reduce inflammation, the body's response to injury or infection. This can include medications, immune-modulating therapies, and lifestyle approaches. In pharmacology, anti-inflammatory agents are used to relieve pain, decrease swelling, and lower fever.

The main pharmacologic categories are nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) and corticosteroids. NSAIDs such as ibuprofen, naproxen, aspirin, and diclofenac work mainly by inhibiting cyclooxygenase enzymes, reducing prostaglandin synthesis that mediates inflammation. Corticosteroids like prednisone and dexamethasone suppress broad immune activity and inflammatory pathways. Other targeted therapies, including disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs and biologics, can exert anti-inflammatory effects in autoimmune diseases by blocking specific cytokines or immune cells.

Uses include management of musculoskeletal injuries, arthritis, inflammatory bowel disease, dermatitis, and other inflammatory conditions. They also reduce fever and pain in various settings. Acetaminophen is commonly used for pain and fever but is not generally categorized as an anti-inflammatory agent.

Safety and side effects vary by class. NSAIDs can cause stomach irritation, ulcers, bleeding, kidney problems, and cardiovascular risks; certain COX-2 inhibitors may have different risks. Corticosteroids can cause weight gain, osteoporosis, high blood sugar, infection risk, and adrenal suppression with long-term use. Nonpharmacologic strategies, such as rest, ice/heat, physical therapy, and diet, can complement anti-inflammatory treatment.