naproxen

Naproxen is a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) used to relieve pain, reduce inflammation, and lower fever. It is available in prescription form and as over‑the‑counter naproxen sodium, sold under brands such as Naprosyn, Aleve, and generic versions. Naproxen works by reversibly inhibiting the COX-1 and COX-2 enzymes, which decreases the production of prostaglandins involved in pain and inflammation.

Common uses include mild to moderate acute pain (such as dental, back, or muscle pain), menstrual cramps, arthritis (including osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis), gout attacks, and fever reduction. It may be chosen when anti‑inflammatory relief is needed in addition to analgesia.

Pharmacokinetics: naproxen is taken orally and is absorbed with peak levels in a few hours. It has a relatively long half-life for an NSAID, allowing twice‑daily dosing. It is primarily metabolized in the liver and eliminated via the urine.

Safety and adverse effects: the most frequent adverse effects involve the gastrointestinal tract (nausea, dyspepsia, heartburn) and, with long‑term use, there is an increased risk of ulcers and GI bleeding. Other risks include kidney function impact, elevated blood pressure, and potential cardiovascular effects with prolonged use. Hypersensitivity reactions can occur in susceptible individuals. Naproxen should be avoided in those with active peptic ulcer disease or significant GI bleeding, in those with severe renal impairment, and during late pregnancy. Caution is advised for the elderly and for people taking anticoagulants, other NSAIDs, or renin–angiotensin system inhibitors.

Dosing: OTC naproxen sodium is typically 220 mg every 8–12 hours, not exceeding 660 mg per day. Prescription naproxen commonly ranges from 250–500 mg twice daily, with a daily maximum around 1,000–1,500 mg depending on the condition and physician guidance.