cramps

Cramp refers to a sudden, involuntary contraction of a muscle or group of muscles, often accompanied by pain. Most commonly it affects the legs, particularly the calves, but cramps can involve any muscle group. A leg cramp typically lasts from a few seconds to several minutes and is followed by a period of weakness or soreness. Menstrual cramps, or dysmenorrhea, are cramps of the uterus associated with menstruation and can range from mild to disabling.

Causes and risk factors vary. Dehydration, electrolyte imbalances (such as low potassium, calcium, or magnesium), overuse or fatigue of a muscle, and maintaining an awkward posture can contribute to cramps. Pregnancy, aging, and certain medications (for example, diuretics or some cholesterol-lowering drugs) may increase risk. In some cases no specific cause is identified, particularly with nocturnal leg cramps in otherwise healthy adults. Underlying conditions such as thyroid disorders, diabetes, or nerve or circulatory disorders may also contribute.

Symptoms typically include a sharp or intense pain, a visible or palpable muscle contraction, and temporary stiffness after the cramp subsides. Diagnosis is usually clinical, based on history and examination; tests are rarely required unless cramps are persistent, unusual, or accompanied by other symptoms.

Treatment focuses on relief and prevention. Immediate measures include stretching the affected muscle, gentle massage, applying heat, and staying hydrated. Long-term strategies emphasize regular stretching, balanced hydration and electrolytes, and addressing contributing factors. Seek medical advice if cramps are persistent, occur at rest, are associated with weakness, swelling, or neurological symptoms, or if severe menstrual cramps disrupt daily activities.