menstrual

Menstrual, in medical terms, relates to menstruation—the monthly shedding of the lining of the uterus in people with a uterus. Menstruation is a component of the reproductive cycle and is controlled by hormonal signals produced by the brain and ovaries. The term is used to describe both the physical process of bleeding and the broader cycle that prepares the body for potential pregnancy each month.

The typical menstrual cycle lasts about 28 days but ranges from 21 to 35 days in adults and even longer in some adolescents. It begins with the menstrual phase, when the uterus sheds its lining. This is followed by the follicular phase, during which follicles develop and estrogen rises, leading to thickening of the endometrium. Ovulation occurs around mid-cycle, triggered by a surge of luteinizing hormone. The luteal phase follows, dominated by progesterone to maintain the lining; if pregnancy does not occur, hormone levels fall and the cycle resets with the next period.

Blood loss during menstruation is usually 30 to 80 milliliters and lasts about 3 to 7 days for many individuals, though patterns vary. Common symptoms include cramps, bloating, breast tenderness, mood changes, and fatigue. Some people experience heavier or lighter bleeding, irregular cycles, or associated conditions such as dysmenorrhea (painful periods), menorrhagia (heavy bleeding), oligomenorrhea (rare periods), or amenorrhea (absence of periods).

Most healthy people do not require treatment unless symptoms are bothersome or patterns indicate a medical issue. Management can include analgesics, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, hormonal therapies, or iron if anemia is present. Persistent irregularities, very heavy bleeding, severe pain, or bleeding after menopause warrant medical evaluation to rule out underlying conditions such as endometriosis, polycystic ovary syndrome, or other disorders.