ibuprofen

Ibuprofen is a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) commonly used to reduce pain, inflammation, and fever. It belongs to the propionic acid class of NSAIDs and is available both over the counter and by prescription in various formulations, including tablets, capsules, suspensions, and topical gels.

Chemically, ibuprofen's active ingredient is racemic 2-(4-isobutylphenyl)propionic acid. It works by inhibiting cyclooxygenase (COX) enzymes, primarily COX-1 and COX-2. This inhibition decreases the production of prostaglandins, which are lipid compounds involved in the inflammatory response, pain sensation, and regulation of body temperature. The reduction in prostaglandins alleviates symptoms associated with conditions such as headaches, muscle aches, arthritis, menstrual cramps, and other inflammatory states.

Ibuprofen was first developed in the 1960s and gained widespread availability in the 1970s. It is generally considered safe for short-term use when taken at recommended doses. Common side effects include gastrointestinal discomfort, such as stomach pain, nausea, or indigestion. Long-term or high-dose usage may increase the risk of gastrointestinal ulcers, bleeding, kidney damage, and cardiovascular problems.

As with other NSAIDs, ibuprofen interacts with certain medications, including blood thinners and other antihypertensive agents. It should be used with caution in individuals with pre-existing health conditions, such as kidney disease, heart disease, or gastrointestinal issues.

Overall, ibuprofen remains one of the most widely used medications for pain relief and fever reduction due to its effectiveness, availability, and relatively favorable safety profile when used appropriately.