ibuprofens

Ibuprofens is a term sometimes used to describe medicines that contain ibuprofen, a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID). Ibuprofen is used to relieve mild to moderate pain, reduce fever, and diminish inflammation in conditions such as headaches, dental pain, musculoskeletal injuries, arthritis, and menstrual cramps. It is available in multiple formulations, including tablets, capsules, suspensions, topical gels, and intravenous forms; depending on country, ibuprofen may be sold OTC or by prescription.

Ibuprofen works by reversibly inhibiting cyclooxygenase COX‑1 and COX‑2, lowering prostaglandin synthesis. This provides analgesic, antipyretic, and anti-inflammatory effects. Oral ibuprofen typically begins to relieve pain within 30 minutes to an hour; peak plasma concentrations occur in 1–2 hours; the elimination half-life is about 2 hours. It is largely metabolized by the liver and excreted in the urine as metabolites.

Common adverse effects include stomach upset, heartburn, and nausea. With higher doses or prolonged use, risks expand to peptic ulcers, gastrointestinal bleeding, kidney impairment, and, in some patients, cardiovascular events. It should be avoided in people with active GI bleeding, severe kidney disease, significant liver disease, known NSAID allergy, or in the third trimester of pregnancy; use during late pregnancy requires medical supervision. Ibuprofens may interact with anticoagulants, other NSAIDs, certain antidepressants, and diuretics.