petrolatum

Petrolatum, also known as petroleum jelly or petrolatum jelly, is a semi-solid mixture of saturated hydrocarbons derived from refined petroleum. It is typically colorless to pale yellow and insoluble in water. It remains solid or paste-like at room temperature and softens with heat, allowing it to spread easily on the skin. As an occlusive agent, petrolatum forms a barrier on the surface that reduces water loss and protects irritated or damaged skin.

Historically, petrolatum was discovered in the 19th century by chemist Robert Chesebrough, who developed it from the waxy byproducts of oil refining and marketed it as Vaseline in the 1870s.

Petrolatum is refined into grades used in medicine and cosmetics, commonly white petrolatum and yellow petrolatum. It is inert and stable, providing moisturizing effects without scent or color in many preparations. It is non-reactive with most other ingredients when properly refined and stored away from extreme heat and open flame.

In medicine, petrolatum is used as a base for topical ointments, as a protective barrier for dry or irritated skin, and in ophthalmic preparations as a sterile ointment base in appropriate grades. In cosmetics, it serves as an emollient, thickener, and carrier for other ingredients, helping to soften and moisturize the skin and lips.

Safety and regulation: Purified petrolatum intended for medical and cosmetic use must meet standards set by pharmacopeias such as the USP. When properly refined, petrolatum is generally well tolerated; rare irritation or allergic reactions can occur in sensitive individuals. Contaminated or adulterated products pose safety risks, so petrolatum should be used according to labeling and product guidelines.