mikrokontrollers

Mikrokontrollers are compact integrated circuits designed to control specific functions within embedded systems. They integrate a processor core, memory for program and data, and a range of peripherals on a single chip, enabling small, low-power, and cost-effective solutions for dedicated tasks. Unlike general-purpose processors, mikrokontrollers run simple, real-time software with tight resource constraints.

A typical mikrokontroller includes a CPU core (which can be 8-, 16-, or 32-bit), on-chip flash or ROM for program storage, RAM for data, and often non-volatile options such as EEPROM. Peripherals commonly include timers, PWM outputs, analog-to-digital converters, and communication interfaces such as UART, SPI, and I2C; many devices also offer USB, CAN, or Ethernet. Power efficiency is a central design goal, with multiple sleep modes and brown-out protection.

Software is usually written in C or C++, sometimes with assembly for performance-critical routines, and compiled into the on-chip memory. Development toolchains include editors, compilers, debuggers, and programmers; code can be loaded in the field via in-system programming or bootloaders. The integration of CPU, memory, and peripherals on one chip reduces bill of materials and simplifies system design.

MCU families span 8-, 16-, and 32-bit architectures and a wide range of performance, memory, and price points. They are widely used in consumer electronics, automotive and industrial controls, home automation, and Internet of Things devices, where predictable timing and compact form factors are essential.