automotive

The automotive field encompasses design, development, manufacturing, operation, and maintenance of motor vehicles. It covers passenger cars, trucks, buses, motorcycles, and commercial vehicles. The sector combines mechanical engineering, electronics, software, and materials science to enable modern transport.

The modern automotive industry began in the late 19th century with Karl Benz. Mass production by Henry Ford in the early 20th century made cars affordable and created global supply chains. Since then, safety, electronics, and automation have advanced.

Core components: A typical vehicle includes a powertrain, chassis, suspension, steering, braking, and electrical systems. The powertrain comprises the engine or motor, transmission, and drivetrain. Modern vehicles rely on electronic control units and sensors to manage performance.

Propulsion and efficiency: Traditionally based on internal combustion engines fueled by gasoline or diesel. Electrified powertrains—hybrids, plug-in hybrids, battery electric, and fuel cells—are expanding to reduce emissions and oil dependence. Emissions regulations vary by jurisdiction.

Manufacturing and supply chain: Vehicles are produced by OEMs with extensive supplier networks. Global manufacturing spans Asia, Europe, and North America, with components sourced across borders. Automation and just-in-time logistics are common in modern plants.

Regulation and safety: Vehicle standards cover crashworthiness, occupant protection, and environmental performance. Emission standards and recall procedures influence design. Type approval and regulatory compliance are essential for international sales.

Trends and innovations: Electrification, autonomy, and connectivity shape future vehicles. Advanced materials reduce weight. Digital tools, over-the-air updates, and software-defined vehicles enable continuous improvement.

Impact and infrastructure: The automotive sector affects energy use, urban mobility, and air quality. Vehicle recycling and end-of-life management are increasingly emphasized. Charging networks and service ecosystems support new mobility models.