braking

Braking refers to the deceleration or stopping of a moving object by applying a brake system. In road vehicles, braking serves to reduce speed, bring the vehicle to a complete stop, and control stopping distance and stability during deceleration and turning.

Most automotive brakes convert kinetic energy into heat through friction. A typical hydraulic system transmits force from the brake pedal via fluid to slave cylinders that operate calipers and apply friction to rotors (disc brakes) or to shoes that press against a drum (drum brakes). Modern cars often include anti-lock braking systems to prevent wheel lockup, and may combine standard friction braking with regenerative braking in electric or hybrid vehicles.

Regenerative braking uses the vehicle’s electric motor as a generator to recover some energy as electrical energy, reducing reliance on friction braking. The system blends regenerative and mechanical braking to maintain control and ensure wheels remain on the road surface.

Braking performance depends on tire condition, road surface, speed, vehicle weight, and brake temperature. Brake fade can occur when components overheat, reducing stopping power. Techniques such as progressive braking, threshold braking, or engine braking help maintain control. In emergencies, drivers are advised to apply maximum safe braking while steering for avoidance.

Key components include pads or shoes, rotors or drums, calipers, a master cylinder, brake lines or hoses, and brake fluid. Maintenance involves inspecting pad wear, rotor or drum condition, leaks, and fluid quality; bleeding and replacing fluid may be necessary to remove moisture and ensure proper operation.

Braking technology extends beyond cars. Trains use heavy friction brakes; aircraft rely on wheel brakes and reverse thrust; bicycles employ rim or hydraulic disc brakes.