shoes

Shoes are coverings for the feet designed to protect, support, and enable movement. They vary by activity, climate, and culture, and can be made from leather, textiles, or synthetic materials with outsoles of rubber or foam.

The history of shoes spans prehistoric times to the present. Early footwear included simple sandals and moccasins used for shelter and traction. The development of mass production in the 19th and 20th centuries expanded availability, and global brands and specialized designs have since shaped modern shoe markets.

Shoes are categorized by purpose and construction. Common types include athletic shoes, dress shoes, boots, sandals, and slippers, as well as work and safety footwear. Upper materials may be leather, fabric, or synthetics; closures include laces, buckles, straps, or slip-on designs. Soles may incorporate foam cushioning, air or gel pockets, and varying tread patterns for grip and durability.

Fit and care are important. Proper sizing, width options, and brand variation affect comfort. Care practices include cleaning, conditioning leather, and avoiding excessive heat or prolonged soaking.

Safety and performance considerations include protective features such as steel or composite toes, puncture-resistant plates, and slip resistance, particularly in work environments. Standards and testing frameworks vary by country.

Sustainability and ethics are increasingly emphasized. Some shoes are designed for repairability and recyclability, and manufacturers pursue reduced material waste and transparent supply chains.