shoe

A shoe is a covering for the human foot worn to protect it from the environment, provide support, and serve social or aesthetic purposes. Shoes typically consist of an upper, a sole, and often a heel, with an insole and lining. Upper materials include leather, fabric, and synthetics; soles may be made of rubber, leather, or polymer compounds. Fabrics and insoles vary for comfort, moisture management, and insulation.

History dates footwear to prehistoric times, with earliest examples made from leather or plant fibers. Sandals and moccasins appear in ancient civilizations; by the Middle Ages, various styles developed across Europe and Asia. The Industrial Revolution enabled mass production and standardized sizing, leading to modern shoemaking. Global supply chains now produce most footwear in low-cost regions.

Types commonly include formal and casual dress shoes, athletic or sport shoes, boots, sandals, and slippers. Work and safety shoes use reinforced midsoles, toe caps, or slip-resistant soles. Modern athletic shoes often combine cushioning technologies and specialized midsoles.

Manufacture and design involves lasts to shape the upper, stitching or adhesive assembly, and sole attachment. Advances include automated cutting, vulcanization, and injection molding. Fit and durability are central concerns, with sizing adapted to regional measurement systems.

Care and impact discuss cleaning, drying, conditioning for leather, and proper storage. Foot health considerations include arch support and appropriate width. Environmental impacts vary with materials and production practices; sustainability efforts emphasize recyclable materials and waste reduction.