Vieja

Vieja is a genus of cichlid fishes in the subfamily Cichlinae, native to freshwater systems in Central America and northern South America. Members of Vieja inhabit rivers, streams, floodplains, and lakes, often in clear, well-oxygenated water with moderate current. They show a range of color patterns and body shapes, from greenish-silvery to boldly patterned with bars or spots. Adults typically reach 12–25 cm in length depending on species.

Taxonomy and systematics: Vieja has undergone several revisions as scientists reassess relationships among Neotropical cichlids. Some species once placed in Vieja have been moved to related genera, and different authorities disagree on species limits. The genus is placed in the tribe Heroini within the subfamily Cichlinae.

Ecology and behavior: Vieja species are generally omnivorous, feeding on a mix of invertebrates, plant material, and algae. Reproduction is usually by substrate spawning: a pair selects a nesting site on rock, wood, or flat substrate, courts each other, and guards the eggs and fry. Parental care persists through the early fry stage.

In aquarium hobby and husbandry: Vieja are cultivated by experienced hobbyists for their robust shape and coloration, but they are often territorial and can be aggressive, especially as they mature. They require spacious tanks, stable warm water, and careful stock selection to reduce interspecific aggression. Water chemistry typically ranges in tropical conditions, with neutral to slightly alkaline pH.

Conservation: Conservation status varies among species and ranges. Habitat loss, pollution, and river modification threaten some populations. Many Vieja species have restricted distributions, making them vulnerable to local threats. Taxonomic revisions can affect species counts and conservation priorities.