alkaline

Alkaline refers to substances that have a pH greater than 7, indicating they are basic or non-acidic. These substances can neutralize acids and are characterized by their ability to accept protons or donate electron pairs in chemical reactions. Common examples of alkaline substances include hydroxides such as sodium hydroxide (NaOH) and potassium hydroxide (KOH), as well as alkaline earth metal oxides like calcium oxide (quicklime).

In everyday contexts, alkalines are often encountered in cleaning products, such as drain cleaners and oven cleaners, due to their ability to break down organic materials. Certain foods, including fruits and vegetables like citrus and leafy greens, have alkaline-forming properties after digestion, which contribute to the body's acid-base balance.

In biological systems, maintaining a proper pH balance is essential for health. Human blood typically has a slightly alkaline pH around 7.4. Deviations from this range can lead to health issues; for example, acidosis (excess acidity) or alkalosis (excess alkalinity) can disrupt cellular functions.

Alkalinity also plays a significant role in environmental science, particularly in water treatment and soil chemistry. Alkaline conditions can influence nutrient availability and toxicity levels for aquatic life and plants. In manufacturing processes like paper production and chemical synthesis, controlling alkalinity is crucial for product quality and safety.

The term "alkaline" is derived from the word "alkali," which historically referred to soluble bases obtained from ashes of plants. The understanding and application of alkaline substances continue to be vital across various scientific and industrial fields.