scientists

A scientist is a person who studies the natural world or formal systems through observation, measurement, and experiment to develop explanations and predictions. Scientists work across disciplines such as physics, chemistry, biology, geology, psychology, economics, and computer science, among others.

They employ the scientific method: proposing hypotheses, designing experiments or studies, collecting data, analyzing results, and refining theories in light of evidence. Results are typically shared through peer-reviewed publications and presentations, allowing other researchers to evaluate, replicate, and build on them.

Education and training: Most scientists hold at least a bachelor's degree in a relevant field; many pursue graduate study leading to master's or doctoral degrees. Skills include mathematics, statistics, critical thinking, instrumentation, and ethics. Careers span academia, industry, government, non-government organizations, and science communication.

Fields and impact: Scientific work spans pure and applied domains and drives technologies, medical advances, environmental management, public policy, and our understanding of the universe. Collaboration often crosses disciplines and borders, with teams sharing data and methods.

Ethics and practices: Responsible conduct of research includes honesty, transparency, and accuracy; proper treatment of human and animal subjects; avoidance of conflicts of interest; and adherence to safety and regulatory standards. Reproducibility and open science are increasingly emphasized.

Society and culture: Scientists contribute to education, public discourse, and technology; their work depends on funding, infrastructure, and mentorship, and their achievements are often celebrated publicly while remaining subject to critique and scrutiny.