scientist

A scientist is a person who engages in systematic study of the natural world or social phenomena, using the scientific method to formulate explanations that can be tested and revised in light of new evidence. They work in universities, government laboratories, industry, museums, and nonprofit research institutes, and may specialize in fields such as biology, physics, chemistry, earth sciences, mathematics, or the social sciences.

The term scientist was coined in the 1830s by William Whewell to describe practitioners of science, and it gained widespread use during the 19th century as science became a distinct profession and enterprise.

Scientists employ observation, measurement, experimentation, and modeling to investigate hypotheses. They design experiments, analyze data, and communicate findings through peer‑reviewed journals, conferences, and other scholarly venues. Replication, critical scrutiny, and falsifiability are central standards in evaluating knowledge claims.

Education and career paths for scientists typically involve formal study in relevant disciplines. Most hold at least a bachelor’s degree, and many pursue advanced degrees such as master’s or doctoral degrees. Career settings include academic research, industry R&D, national or private laboratories, and science communication or policy roles. Collaboration and interdisciplinary work are common, reflecting the complexity of many scientific questions.

The work of scientists has broad societal impact, informing medicine, technology, environmental stewardship, and public policy. Ethical considerations—such as human and animal welfare, data integrity, and conflicts of interest—guide research practices and reporting. The field continues to evolve with new methods, technologies, and disciplines, expanding our understanding of the natural and social worlds.