cichlid

Cichlid is a common name for fish in the family Cichlidae, a diverse group of ray-finned fishes within the order Cichiformes. With more than 1,600 described species, cichlids occupy a wide range of freshwater habitats and exhibit diverse life histories, feeding strategies, and appearances.

Cichlids are found primarily in tropical and subtropical Africa, Central and South America, and parts of Asia and Madagascar. They are especially diverse in the African Great Lakes—Tanganyika, Malawi, and Victoria—where many species have evolved specialized shapes, colors, and behaviors to exploit local niches.

Cichlids typically have a body shape that is often laterally compressed, and many species display bright color patterns. Sexual dimorphism is common, and they exhibit a range of social behaviors, including territoriality, nest-building, and elaborate courtship displays. Their diversity in feeding strategies ranges from algae scraping to insectivory and omnivory, reflecting extensive ecological specialization.

Reproduction and parental care are notable for cichlids. Most species practice some form of parental care. Mouthbrooding is widespread, with one parent carrying eggs or fry in the mouth. Others are substrate breeders, guarding clutches on rocks, logs, or in caves, sometimes with cooperative or sequential care by both parents.

In aquaculture and hobbyist kept tanks, cichlids are popular for their color, size range, and behaviors. They require stable water conditions, appropriate tank mates, and ample space to accommodate territories. Some species are highly aggressive and may need careful species selection and tank design.

The family is taxonomically complex, with subgroups such as Pseudocrenilabrinae and Cichlinae. Ongoing research and habitat changes continue to refine classifications, while habitat loss and invasive species threaten certain cichlids.