insectivory

Insectivory is the feeding strategy of animals whose diet is primarily insects. It is a specialized form of carnivory that exploits the abundant and high-protein prey provided by insects. Insectivory is widespread across vertebrates and invertebrates, including many birds, mammals, reptiles, amphibians, and fishes. Some species are generalists, consuming a variety of small invertebrates, while others specialize on particular insect groups such as ants or termites.

Adaptations for insectivory are diverse and include morphological, sensory, and behavioral traits. Many insectivorous mammals have sharp or pointed teeth and elongated snouts or tongues for extracting prey (for example, anteaters and aardvarks). Insectivorous birds often possess quick, agile beaks and catching techniques for airborne prey, as seen in swallows, flycatchers, and warblers. Bats that feed on insects rely on echolocation to locate prey in darkness. Reptiles such as chameleons and many small lizards employ rapid tongue projection or precision strikes to catch insects. Amphibians, including many frogs and salamanders, commonly chase or ambush small invertebrates.

Ecologically, insectivory helps regulate insect populations and connects terrestrial and aquatic food webs to higher trophic levels. The strategy has evolved independently many times, leading to a wide array of body plans and foraging modes tailored to different environments, from forests and grasslands to deserts and caves.