aggressive

Aggressive is a term used to describe behavior, actions, or attitudes that are forceful, confrontational, or intended to attack or dominate. In everyday language it can refer to physical aggression, verbal intimidation, or a generally combative stance. The word derives from Latin aggressus, from agere meaning to drive or act, and has been used in English since the late 16th century.

In psychology, aggression refers to behavior aimed at harming or coercing others. It is not synonymous with assertiveness or competitiveness. Common distinctions include reactive aggression, which occurs in response to perceived threat or frustration, and proactive or instrumental aggression, which is goal-directed. Other classifications include physical versus verbal aggression, and direct versus indirect or relational aggression. Aggression can be situational or chronic and may be influenced by genetic, neurological, social, and environmental factors. Clinically, persistent aggressive behavior can be associated with disorders such as conduct disorder or intermittent explosive disorder and is a focus of treatment in anger management or psychotherapy.

In animals, aggression is a natural, evolutionarily advantageous behavior used for defending territory, securing mates, acquiring resources, or establishing social hierarchies. It is often preceded by signaling and displays that reduce the likelihood of physical harm, such as posturing, vocalizations, or ritualized movements.

In humans, aggressive behavior can range from protective or competitive actions to harmful or criminal conduct. Cultural norms, situational stress, substance use, and mental health conditions influence its expression and acceptability. Management approaches emphasize de-escalation, conflict resolution, and behavioral therapy when aggression is abnormal or dangerous. See also aggression in psychology, violence, and assertiveness.