assertiveness

Assertiveness is a communication style in which individuals express their thoughts, needs, and rights openly and honestly while respecting others’ rights. It sits between passivity and aggression and is often taught as a practical skill.

It differs from passive communication, which withholds needs, and from aggression, which disregards others’ rights. Assertive behavior seeks to be clear about boundaries, preferences, and consequences without attacking or belittling others.

Core skills include using I-statements, direct and specific language, calm and steady voice, appropriate eye contact, and open body language. It also involves listening, setting boundaries, saying no when needed, and negotiating mutually acceptable solutions.

Benefits include increased self-esteem, reduced anxiety, clearer expectations, improved decision making, and healthier working and personal relationships. It can also reduce misunderstandings and conflict when applied consistently.

Development often involves practice, feedback, and strategies such as role-playing, cognitive-behavioral techniques, and assertiveness training. Common barriers include fear of conflict, guilt about asserting oneself, cultural or gender norms, and previous negative experiences.

In practice, assertiveness appears in personal conversations, workplace feedback, negotiations, and conflict resolution. Some frameworks emphasize the sequence: describe the issue, express impact, state a request, and note consequences if needed.