coercing

Coercing is the act of causing another person to act in a desired way by using threats, force, or pressure that limits their freedom of choice. It relies on a perceived or real consequence to compel behavior, rather than on voluntary agreement or genuine consent.

Forms of coercion include physical coercion (threat or use of violence), economic coercion (withholding money, employment, or essential resources), social or psychological coercion (shaming, isolation, harassment, or manipulation), and institutional coercion (abuse of authority, bureaucratic pressure, or legal leverage). Sexual coercion uses threats or inducements to obtain sexual activity without genuine consent. In intimate relationships, coercive control encompasses a pattern of domination that limits a partner’s autonomy.

Legal and ethical dimensions vary by jurisdiction but share common concerns. In law, duress is a defense in criminal cases and contracts may be voidable if consent was obtained through coercion. Domestic violence laws increasingly recognize coercive control as a crime. In international affairs, coercive diplomacy employs threats or sanctions to compel a state’s behavior. Ethically, coercion is often criticized for violating autonomy and exploiting power imbalances, particularly where vulnerable individuals or groups are targeted.

Mechanisms and consequences: Coercion relies on credible threats, leverage, and the recipient’s perceived lack of viable alternatives. It can achieve short-term compliance but often erodes trust, provokes retaliation, and undermines long-term welfare. It may also provoke legal sanctions or social condemnation.

Related concepts include manipulation, intimidation, blackmail, duress, consent, and deterrence.