shaming

Shaming is a social process in which individuals or groups are publicly criticized or stigmatized to enforce norms and deter unwanted behavior. It can be informal, occurring within communities, or formal, enacted by institutions or organizations. Public shaming aims to reveal misconduct and influence the behavior of others.

Forms of shaming range from informal rebukes and ritual shaming to modern digital practices. Online shaming and call-out culture on social media have amplified visibility and rapid response. Some commentators distinguish shaming from cancel culture, noting that not all shaming results in lasting reputational damage.

Effects vary. Shaming can deter violations and promote accountability when proportionate and accurate. It can also cause psychological harm, spread misinformation, drive individuals from participation, or generate escalation and retaliation. Misidentification and bias can distort outcomes.

Ethical and practical debates focus on due process, proportionality, power imbalances, and the potential for harm. Advocates argue that shaming can enforce norms and protect communities; critics contend that it can be coercive, punitive, and disproportionate, undermining fair judgment and open dialogue.

Related concepts include social sanction, reputational harm, ostracism, doxxing, and cancel culture. Shaming remains a contested form of social control whose effectiveness and ethics depend on context, power, and the methods used.