Cichiformes

Cichiformes is an order of ray-finned fishes (Actinopterygii) within the superorder Acanthopterygii. It is most widely recognized as including the cichlids (family Cichlidae) and related lineages, although the exact composition has varied among taxonomic authorities. In some classifications, cichlids are placed in Perciformes or treated in a separate lineage; recent molecular studies have supported recognizing Cichiformes as a distinct grouping containing the cichlids and their closest allies.

Cichiformes species are diverse in form, but most are medium-sized, laterally compressed fishes with a single, continuous dorsal fin and a specialized pharyngeal jaw apparatus. They are often brightly colored, sexually dimorphic, and show a wide range of reproductive behaviors.

Distribution and ecology: they inhabit freshwater habitats in Africa, Madagascar, and the Americas (Central and South). Some species tolerate brackish environments. Ecologically, they range from omnivorous to highly specialized feeders, and many species are territorial during breeding. Reproduction is notable for complex parental care, including monogamy and mouthbrooding by one or both parents.

Evolution and human importance: cichlids are renowned for rapid speciation and adaptive radiations, especially in the African lakes Victoria, Malawi, and Tanganyika. They are a major subject in evolutionary biology and are popular in the aquarium trade. Some species support local fisheries, while introductions can disrupt native ecosystems.