Primati

Primati, or primates, are an order of mammals that includes lemurs, lorises, tarsiers, monkeys, apes, and humans. They are characterized by forward-facing eyes, grasping hands with nails, and relatively large brains for body size. Many primates are arboreal and show extended juvenile development and socially complex behavior.

The order is divided into two suborders: Strepsirrhini (lemurs and relatives) and Haplorhini (tarsiers and the simians). Haplorhini splits into Tarsiiformes (tarsiers) and Simiiformes (monkeys, apes, and humans). Simiiformes are further grouped into Platyrrhini (New World monkeys) and Catarrhini (Old World monkeys and apes).

Origin and evolution: Primates first appeared in the Paleocene, about 65–55 million years ago, likely in Africa or Asia. Early divergences produced the major lineages; modern groups diversified further during later epochs.

Ecology and behavior: Primates inhabit tropical forests, temperate woodlands, and, in some cases, urban areas. Diets range from fruit and leaves to insects and small animals. Social structures vary from solitary to highly gregarious, with grooming and communication playing central roles; some species use tools and display culture.

Conservation: Many primates are threatened by habitat loss, hunting, and capture for the pet trade. They are valued for ecological roles as seed dispersers and for research into biology and cognition. Protection efforts focus on habitat preservation, anti-poaching measures, and sustainable development to reduce human–primate conflicts.