Overpronation

Overpronation refers to an excessive inward roll of the foot and ankle after heel strike during weight-bearing activities such as walking or running. In many individuals, pronation is a normal part of shock absorption, but overpronation describes movement beyond the typical range, leading to altered gait mechanics.

Causes and risk factors include structural conditions such as flat feet (low arches) or overly flexible feet, weakness of the posterior tibial tendon, ligament laxity, obesity, and certain training or footwear factors. Repetitive impact, excessive standing, or a rapid increase in activity can worsen symptoms. Age and gender may play a role in musculoskeletal adaptations.

Symptoms are often activity-related and may include arch and heel pain, plantar fasciitis, shin splints, Achilles tendon irritation, and knee, hip, or lower back discomfort due to altered alignment. Visible signs can include excessive wear on the inner edge of shoes or collapsed midfoot.

Diagnosis typically involves clinical evaluation of foot posture, arch height, and gait, sometimes aided by surface gait analysis or imaging when structural problems are suspected. A navicular drop test or footprint assessment can help estimate arch collapse.

Management emphasizes non-surgical measures such as properly fitted footwear with motion control or stability features, over-the-counter or custom orthotics, and targeted exercises to strengthen the tibialis posterior, intrinsic foot muscles, and calves. Regular stretching, gradual training progression, weight management, and injury-specific rehabilitation are commonly advised. Severe or persistent cases may require medical evaluation for underlying tendon pathology or surgical options.