orthotics

Orthotics are medical devices designed to support, align, prevent or correct deformities and improve function in the musculoskeletal system. They can be worn on the feet, ankles, legs, spine or upper limbs, and may be custom-made to an individual’s anatomy or available as prefabricated aids. Orthotics are typically prescribed by clinicians and fabricated by orthotists or prosthetists, often in collaboration with physicians, physical therapists or other specialists. The primary goals are to reduce pain, improve gait or hand function, control or correct alignment, and distribute forces more evenly across joints during activity.

Common classes of orthotics include foot orthoses (shoe inserts) and ankle-foot orthoses (AFOs) for foot and ankle stabilization; knee- or hip-knee-ankle-foot orthoses for broader limb support; spinal orthoses such as lumbar or thoracolumbar braces; and upper-limb devices like wrist-hand orthoses. Materials range from soft foams and silicones to rigid plastics, carbon fiber and metals, chosen to balance rigidity, support and comfort. Assessment usually involves a clinical exam, measurements, and sometimes gait analysis, followed by casting or digital scanning to fabricate the device. Custom devices are tailored to a patient’s anatomy and needs, while prefabricated options offer shorter lead times.

Indications include conditions such as flat feet, plantar fasciitis, diabetic foot complications, arthritis, post-injury rehabilitation, stroke- or cerebral palsy-related gait abnormalities, scoliosis, and repetitive strain injuries. While orthotics are not curative, they can reduce pain, improve mobility and support rehabilitation. Safety considerations include monitoring skin integrity, avoiding pressure points, maintaining hygiene, and scheduling regular reassessments as symptoms or anatomy change.