braces

Braces are devices used to provide support, alignment, or stabilization, and the term is applied in several fields. Most commonly, braces refer to dental appliances worn to straighten teeth and correct bite, but they also describe reinforcing elements in construction and, in everyday language, suspenders that hold up trousers.

In dentistry, fixed orthodontic braces consist of brackets bonded to teeth, an archwire that runs through the brackets, and often elastic ligatures or bands that secure the wire. Brackets can be metal, ceramic, or plastic, and archwires may be stainless steel or nickel-titanium. Lingual braces are attached to the tongue-side of the teeth. Treatment generally lasts from about 18 to 36 months, depending on the individual case, and aims to improve alignment, crowding, spacing, and bite. Orthodontists adjust braces at regular visits to apply controlled forces that move teeth gradually. Good oral hygiene is essential during treatment, including brushing, flossing, and avoiding very hard or sticky foods. Potential side effects include initial discomfort, mouth ulcers, and, less commonly, decalcification or root resorption. After braces are removed, retainers are typically used to maintain the results.

In construction and engineering, braces are diagonal or vertical members that reinforce a frame against lateral loads such as wind or earthquakes. They are made from timber, steel, or reinforced concrete and appear in various systems, including cross-bracing, knee braces, and rigid-frame bracing. Bracing improves stiffness and stability in buildings, bridges, and other structures, and may be employed during initial construction or as a retrofit to enhance seismic performance.

Other uses of the term include suspenders, known as braces in British English, which hold up trousers, and various reinforcement components in machinery or piping systems.