piping

Piping refers to a system of pipes, fittings, and allied components that convey liquids, gases, and slurries within industrial, commercial, and utility facilities. Unlike domestic plumbing, which primarily serves buildings, piping systems are designed to handle higher pressures, temperatures, and flow rates, and they are governed by specialized engineering standards. A typical piping system includes pipes or tubes, flanges and fittings, valves, supports, insulation, and instrumentation for monitoring and control. The layout, materials, and components are selected to meet process requirements, safety constraints, and environmental regulations.

Materials and forms vary by application. Common pipe materials include carbon steel and stainless steel for strength and corrosion resistance, copper and aluminum for heat transfer or low-pressure service, and plastics such as PVC, CPVC, PE, and PP for chemical resistance or cost considerations. Pipes may be seamless or welded, and wall thickness is specified by schedules or standards to achieve the desired pressure rating. Design also addresses thermal expansion, stress, insulation, and appropriate coatings to prevent corrosion and heat loss.

Industry standards guide piping design, fabrication, testing, and inspection. In the United States, ASME B31.3 covers process piping, while ASME B31.1 applies to power and other systems. Internationally, ISO 3183 and related standards address pipeline construction, and material and welding codes are governed by organizations such as ASTM and EN. Fabrication steps include cutting, joining (welding, brazing, flanging), and fitting installation, followed by pressure testing (hydrostatic or pneumatic) and nondestructive examination. Maintenance emphasizes corrosion protection, leak detection, and periodic inspection to ensure safe operation.