PVC

PVC, or polyvinyl chloride, is a widely used thermoplastic polymer formed by polymerizing vinyl chloride monomer. It is valued for chemical resistance, electrical insulation, and affordability. About 57% of PVC’s mass is chlorine, a factor that influences its properties and combustion behavior. The material can be formulated as rigid or flexible through additives.

Two main forms are produced: rigid PVC (PVC-U) and plasticized PVC (PVC-P). PVC-U is common in pipes, profiles, and rigid sheets; PVC-P uses plasticizers to achieve flexibility for films, cables, and some medical components. Chlorinated PVC (CPVC) offers higher temperature resistance, expanding its range of applications. PVC is processed by extrusion, injection molding, calendaring, and blow molding, with stabilizers and additives such as heat stabilizers, impact modifiers, lubricants, and flame retardants tailored to end use.

Applications include water and sewer pipes, window and door profiles, vinyl siding, flooring, electrical wire insulation, and packaging films. Medical devices and components can use PVC with specialized additives and standards to meet safety requirements.

Health and environmental considerations: Vinyl chloride monomer, the feedstock, is a known carcinogen; safe handling relies on containment and ventilation. The polymer itself is generally inert, but combustion can release hydrogen chloride and potentially dioxins if burned under improper conditions. Recycling PVC is challenging due to additives; mechanical recycling and energy recovery are used where feasible, with emphasis on separating PVC from other plastics and limiting hazardous additives.

History: PVC was first synthesized in the 19th century, with commercial development accelerating after the 1920s following the development of plasticized PVC by Waldo Semon.