separating

Separating is the act of making something move or be divided into parts that are distinct from one another. It is a general process used across disciplines to isolate, classify, or remove components according to differences in properties or relationships.

In chemistry and chemical engineering, separation refers to techniques for separating mixtures into pure or purer components. Common methods include distillation (difference in boiling points), filtration (particle size and phase), centrifugation (density and centrifugal force), chromatography (adsorption and solubility), extraction (immiscible solvents and partition coefficients), crystallization, and membrane processes (selective permeability). The choice depends on properties such as volatility, solubility, particle size, and chemical affinity.

Industrial separation plants use equipment like distillation columns, filter units, centrifuges, chromatographs, and membrane modules to purify fuels, chemicals, water, and pharmaceuticals. Separation is also central to waste treatment, where contaminants are removed from effluents.

In mathematics and logic, separating refers to concepts of separation in topology, such as separation axioms that distinguish points by neighborhoods, or separating sets that distinguish elements in a space. More generally, separation means distinguishing or isolating entities based on defined criteria.

In social and personal contexts, separation describes the act of living apart or ending a relationship, including legal separation in which spouses live apart under formal agreements but remain married, often with arrangements for property and parenting.