modifiers

In linguistics, a modifier is a word, phrase, or clause that restricts or describes the meaning of another element, typically a noun or a verb. Modifiers provide information about qualities, quantities, timing, or manner, helping to specify which thing is intended or how an action occurs. They are a key part of how sentence meaning is shaped.

Common modifiers include adjectives, which describe nouns (red car), adverbs, which describe verbs, adjectives, or other adverbs (run quickly, very tall), and longer phrases such as prepositional phrases or participial clauses that function as modifiers (the book on the table, written yesterday). Relative clauses can also serve as modifiers by supplying essential or extra information about a noun.

Placement matters for clarity. In English, modifiers can be before the noun (pre-head) or after the noun (post-head) and can be single words or longer phrases. Misplaced or dangling modifiers can create ambiguity or humor, as in statements where the modifier appears to refer to the wrong element.

Modifiers operate across languages and domains. In programming, modifiers such as public, private, static, and final adjust the visibility and behavior of declarations. In music and other fields, modifiers indicate adjustments to how something is performed or interpreted, such as articulation or dynamic markings in notation.

See also: adjectives, adverbs, participles, prepositional phrases, relative clauses, syntax.