qualities

Qualities are attributes or properties that describe something's characteristics. The term is used in science, philosophy, and everyday language to identify features that allow discrimination among objects, systems, or people. Qualities can be observed, measured, inferred, or judged.

Qualities can be categorized as physical, chemical, perceptual, psychological, or moral. Physical qualities include color, texture, and hardness; chemical properties describe reactivity and composition; perceptual qualities relate to sensory experience such as color, taste, or sound. Psychological qualities refer to mental traits or abilities, and moral qualities concern ethical characteristics like honesty or courage.

Assessment of qualities combines objective measurement with subjective appraisal. Some qualities are quantitative and meet defined standards; others depend on context or personal judgment. In manufacturing and service industries, quality control uses criteria and testing to ensure products or outcomes meet requirements.

In science, a quality is an attribute or property of a substance or system. The term is often distinguished from quantity, which denotes amount. Qualities also contrast with states or behaviors in that they describe inherent or characteristic features rather than activities.

Examples illustrate the range of uses: the hardness of diamond, the pH of a solution, the sweetness of an apple, a musician's technical skill, or a leader's integrity. The study of qualities intersects philosophy, aesthetics, psychology, and ethics, focusing on how qualities are perceived, defined, and valued.