flooring

Flooring refers to the finished surface installed over a building's subfloor to provide function, durability, and aesthetics. It protects the interior from moisture and wear, supports foot traffic, and contributes to acoustics and warmth. Flooring choices influence maintenance, comfort, and architectural style.

Common flooring materials include wood and engineered wood, ceramic and porcelain tile, natural stone, vinyl and laminate planks, carpet, cork, and concrete. Each offers different appearances, performance, installation methods, and lifespans. Selection depends on room use, moisture exposure, traffic, and budget.

Installation requires assessing the subfloor, moisture levels, and load conditions. Subfloors may need leveling, moisture barriers, or underlayment. Materials are joined by adhesive, nails, interlocking systems, or grout. Proper acclimation before installation helps minimize expansion or contraction after installation.

Maintenance varies by material. Hard surfaces are swept and damp-mopped, with periodic sealing or refinishing for wood and stone. Carpet requires vacuuming and occasional cleaning. Regular moisture control, spills cleanup, and protection from furniture legs extend life and preserve appearance.

Durability and cost vary widely. Solid hardwood commonly lasts decades with refinishing; tile and stone offer long lifespans but higher installation costs. Vinyl and laminate are more affordable and resilient but usually have shorter lifespans and may not be as reparable.

Environmental considerations include material health, embodied energy, and recyclability. Sustainable options use responsibly sourced wood, recycled-content vinyl, or linoleum and tile with low VOCs. Choosing modular or repairable products can reduce waste, while long service life lowers lifecycle cost.