hardwood

Hardwood is a broad category of wood derived from flowering trees (angiosperms), typically broadleaf and deciduous. It contrasts with softwood, which comes from conifers. The term hardwood is a botanical and commercial distinction rather than a strict measure of hardness; some hardwoods are relatively soft, while some softwoods can be quite hard.

Hardwoods are generally denser than softwoods due to slower growth and different cellular structure. They display varied grain patterns, colors, and textures. Common species used in furniture and flooring include oak, maple, cherry, walnut, and ash; tropical hardwoods such as teak, mahogany, and ipe are valued for durability and aesthetics. Workability can vary: some are easy to machine but may dull tools; others are exceptionally hard and reactive to finishing oils. They respond well to gluing and finishing; some species have high dimensional stability.

Applications include furniture, cabinetry, flooring, veneers, musical instruments, and high-end millwork. In construction, hardwoods are used where strength and appearance are important, though they are typically more expensive and less abundant than softwoods.

Sustainability: hardwood forests are managed for yield and biodiversity; increasing use of certified sustainable sources (e.g., FSC). Overharvesting, illegal logging, and habitat loss have raised concerns, particularly for tropical species. Responsible sourcing and reforestation help mitigate environmental impact.