softwood

Softwood refers to wood derived from gymnosperm trees, predominantly conifers such as pine, spruce, fir, cedar, and larch. In contrast, hardwood comes from angiosperm trees. Softwoods typically have a simpler cellular structure, dominated by tracheids, and lack the vessels found in many hardwoods. They usually grow more quickly and are lighter in density, which often makes them easier to work with and less expensive.

Properties vary by species, but softwoods are generally less dense and softer than most hardwoods. They can be highly resinous, and many are less durable in exposed conditions unless treated. Natural durability exists in some species (for example, cedar, redwood). For outdoor use, preservative treatments or coatings are commonly applied to improve decay resistance and insect protection. The dimensional stability of softwoods can be affected by moisture; kiln drying or seasoning reduces shrinkage and warping.

Common applications include structural lumber for construction such as framing, beams, and joists; plywood and other panel products; and pulp or paper. Softwood fibers are also used in paper production and various composite products like OSB. In carpentry and furniture, softwoods are used for components, trims, and certain designs, but hardwoods are often preferred for visible surfaces due to aesthetics.

Global production relies heavily on plantation forestry, with sustainability practices focusing on forest management, regeneration, and certification schemes. Availability, price, and processing compatibility influence the selection of softwoods in different markets.