framing

Framing is the process of presenting information, events, or objects within a particular context or perspective that influences how they are perceived and interpreted. The concept is used in several fields to describe both mental processes and physical arrangements.

In cognitive psychology and behavioral economics, framing effects occur when the way a problem or option is phrased changes people's choices, even when outcomes are equivalent. For example, outcomes framed as gains tend to elicit risk-averse responses, while losses can trigger risk-seeking behavior. Researchers study frames, default options, and reference points to understand decision making and communication.

In media, journalism, and political communication, framing refers to the selection and emphasis of certain aspects of a story to shape audience interpretation. Frames highlight specific values, causes, or consequences and may omit competing considerations. Frame analysis examines how frames enter discourse, spread through networks, and influence public opinion and policy.

In the arts and photography, framing denotes the composition that surrounds the subject within the image. Choices of camera position, lens, cropping, and the use of elements in the scene act as frames that guide attention and convey meaning.

In construction and carpentry, framing means the structural framework of a building or other object, typically formed by a skeleton of studs, joists, and plates that bear loads and define space.