warping

Warping is a term used in several fields to describe distortion or reconfiguration of shape, geometry, or structure. In materials science it denotes the deformation of a body under uneven stresses or thermal effects; in graphics and image processing it refers to a coordinate transformation that maps one image to another; in textiles it denotes the preparation of warp yarns for weaving. The common thread is a deviation from a reference geometry, whether due to physics, computation, or manufacturing.

In materials, warping results from nonuniform conditions such as gradient temperatures, moisture, or residual stresses from processing. Examples include a heated metal plate bending toward the cooler side, wood boards cupping or twisting with changes in humidity, and concrete slabs curling as moisture dries near the surface. Warping can affect dimensional accuracy, fit, and structural integrity, and is mitigated by controlling heat, moisture, curing, material anisotropy, and support conditions.

In image processing and computer graphics, warping is a deliberate geometric transformation that remaps pixel coordinates. Common operations include affine and perspective transformations, nonuniform distortions, and texture mapping. Image warping enables perspective correction, stereo alignment, image registration, and artistic effects, and is implemented through interpolation and transformation functions.

In textiles, warping refers to the arrangement of warp yarns on a loom before weaving. It establishes the lengthwise structure of fabric and influences width, strength, and drape. Proper warping ensures even fabric tension and consistent weaving performance, while errors can lead to defects or breakage during weaving.